Selected research bibliography
The Institute has been conducting research since 1969 and, with some exceptions, provides free of charge single photocopies of a reasonable number of research reports. Reports published in scientific journals and conference proceedings are available as reprints (electronic copies may be available from the publishers), and their contents may not be republished without consent of the publishers. Other reports are available as print or electronic copies, and their contents may be republished with attribution.
For reprints, contact the Communications Department at 1005 N. Glebe Road, Suite 800, Arlington, VA 22201, phone 703/247-1500, fax 703/247-1588, or email publications@iihs.org.
Some reports (as indicated below) are available for download in PDF format.
Alcohol-impaired driving
General statistics
2000 & later
Baker, S.P.; Braver, E.R.; Chen, L-H.; Li, G. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Drinking histories of fatally injured drivers. Injury Prevention 8:221-26.
Beirness, D.J.; Simpson, H.M. and Williams, A.F. 2006. Role of cannabis and benzodiazepines in motor vehicle crashes. Transportation Research Circular E-C096:12-21. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Ferguson, S.A.; Burns, M.M.; Fiorentino, D.; Williams, A.F. and Garcia, J. 2002. Drinking and driving among Mexican American and non-Hispanic white males in Long Beach, California. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:429-37.
Lund, A.K.; McCartt, A.T. and Farmer, C.M. 2007. Contribution of alcohol-impaired driving to motor vehicle crash deaths in 2005. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD-ROM). Oslo, Norway: International Council on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety. view/download
McCartt, A.T. and Williams, A.F. 2004. Characteristics of fatally injured drivers with high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD-ROM). Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Executive.
Williams, A.F.; McCartt, A.T. and Ferguson, S.A. 2007. Hardcore drinking drivers and other contributors to the alcohol-impaired driving problem: need for a comprehensive approach. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:1-10.
1990s
Foss, R.D.; Beirness, D.J.; Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 1995. Roadside surveys in conjunction with sobriety checkpoints. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 1:191-96. Adelaide, Australia: NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, University of Adelaide.
Lund, A.K. and Wolfe, A.C. 1991. Changes in the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving in the United States, 1973-1986. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52:293-301.
Voas, R.B.; Wells, J.K.; Lestina, D.C.; Williams, A.F. and Greene, M.A. 1998. Drinking and driving in the United States: the 1996 national roadside survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:267-75.
Williams, A.F. 1992. The 1980s decline in alcohol-impaired driving and crashes and why it occurred. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 8:71-76.
Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Alcohol-impaired driving and crashes involving alcohol in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 101-05. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.
Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1993. Factors associated with high blood alcohol concentrations among fatally injured drivers in the United States. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 9:87-96.
1980s
Voas, R.B. and Williams, A.F. 1986. Age differences of arrested and crash-involved drinking drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 47:244-48.
1970s
Baker, S.P. 1979. Motorcyclists, pedestrians, and alcohol. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. I.R. Johnston), 32-37. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
O'Neill, B. and Wells, W.T. 1971. Blood alcohol levels in drivers not involved in accidents and the lognormal distribution. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 32:798-803.
Waller, J.A. 1972. Factors associated with alcohol and responsibility for fatal highway crashes. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 33:160-70.
Assessing impairment
1990s
Moskowitz, H.A.; Burns, M.M. and Ferguson, S.A. 1999. Police officers' detection of breath odors from alcohol ingestion. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:175-80.
1980s
Burns, M.M. and Moskowitz, H.A. 1981. Alcohol, marihuana and skills performance. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. L. Goldberg), 3:954-68. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell International.
Moskowitz, H.A. and Burns, M.M. 1981. The effect of alcohol and caffeine, alone and in combination, on skills performance. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. L. Goldberg), 3:969-83. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell International.
Moskowitz, H.A.; Burns, M.M. and Williams, A.F. 1985. Skills performance at low blood alcohol levels. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 46:482-85.
O'Neill, B.; Williams, A.F. and Dubowski, K.M. 1983. Variability in blood alcohol concentrations: implications for estimating individual results. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 44:222-30.
1970s
Moskowitz, H.A. and Burns, M.M. 1977. The effects of alcohol and valium, singly and in combination, upon driving-related skills performance. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine (ed. D.F. Huelke), 226-40. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Breath testing
1990s
Farmer, C.M.; Wells, J.K.; Ferguson, S.A. and Voas, R.B. 1999. Field evaluation of the PAS III passive alcohol sensor. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 1:55-61.
Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1995. The role of passive alcohol sensors in detecting alcohol-impaired drivers at sobriety checkpoints. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 11:23-30.
Lestina, D.C. and Lund, A.K. 1992. Laboratory evaluation of two passive alcohol sensors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53:328-34.
1980s
Jones, I.S. and Lund, A.K. 1986. Detection of alcohol-impaired drivers using a passive alcohol sensor. Journal of Police Science and Administration 14:153-60.
Lund, A.K. and Jones, I.S. 1987. Detection of impaired drivers with a passive alcohol sensor. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 379-82. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
1970s
O'Neill, B. and Prouty, R.W. 1972. An evaluation of some qualitative breath screening tests for alcohol. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 261-96. New York, NY: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Laws/enforcement
2000 & later
Burns, M.M.; Anderson, E. and Moio, J. 2002. A study of DUI enforcement. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 673-83. Quebec, Canada: Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec.
Fell, J.C.; Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F. and Fields, M. 2003. Why are sobriety checkpoints not widely adopted as an enforcement strategy in the United States? Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:897-902.
Ferguson, S.A. 2001. Research needs and priorities in alcohol-impaired driving among special populations. Transportation Research Circular 502:110-21. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Lacey, J.H.; Ferguson, S.A.; Kelley-Baker, T. and Rider, R.P. 2006. Low-manpower checkpoints: Can they provide effective DUI enforcement in small communities? Traffic Injury Prevention 7:213-18.
Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Cammisa, M.X. 2000. Self-reported drinking and driving practices and attitudes in four countries and perceptions of enforcement. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD ROM). Borlänge, Sweden: Swedish National Road Administration.
1990s
Beck, K.H.; Rauch, W.J.; Baker, E.A. and Williams, A.F. 1999. Effects of ignition interlock license restrictions on drivers with multiple alcohol offenses: a randomized trial in Maryland. American Journal of Public Health 89:1696-1700.
Foss, R.D.; Beirness, D.J.;Tolbert, W.G.; Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 1997. Effect of an intensive sobriety checkpoint program on drinking-driving in North Carolina. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. C. Mercier-Guyon), 2:943-48. Annecy, France: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Médecine du Trafic.
Kiger, S.M.; Lestina, D.C. and Lund, A.K. 1993. Passive alcohol sensors in law enforcement screening for alcohol-impaired drivers. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 9:7-18.
Ross, H.L.; Simon, S. and Cleary, J. 1996. License plate confiscation for persistent alcohol-impaired drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:53-61.
Wells, J.K.; Greene, M.A.; Foss, R.D.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1997. Drinking drivers missed at sobriety checkpoints. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58:513-17.
Wells, J.K.; Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. 1992. Enforcing alcohol-impaired driving and seat belt use laws, Binghamton, New York. Journal of Safety Research 23:63-71.
Williams, A.F. 1994. The contribution of education and public information to reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 10:197-205.
Williams, A.F.; Weinberg, K. and Fields, M. 1991. The effectiveness of administrative license suspension laws. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 7:55-62.
Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Foss, R.D. 1995. The North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Initiative: initial results from "Booze It and Lose It." Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 1:347-51. Adelaide, Australia: NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, University of Adelaide.
1980s
Fields, M. and Hricko, A.R. 1986. Passive alcohol sensors — constitutional implications. The Prosecutor 20:45-52.
O'Neill, B. 1986. Detecting drunk drivers by using a passive alcohol sensor. Drunk Driving Laws and Enforcement — An Assessment of Effectiveness, 57-59. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.
Ross, H.L. 1987. Administrative license revocation in New Mexico: an evaluation. Law and Policy 9:5-16.
Ross, H.L. 1987. Britain's Christmas crusade against drinking and driving. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 48:476-82.
Ross, H.L. and Gonzales, P. 1988. Effects of license revocation on drunk-driving offenders. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:379-91.
Ross, H.L.; Klette, H. and McCleary, R. 1984. Liberalization and rationalization of drunk-driving laws in Scandinavia. Accident Analysis and Prevention 16:471-87.
Ross, H.L.; McCleary, R. and Epperlein, T. 1982. Deterrence of drinking and driving in France: an evaluation of the law of July 12, 1978. Law and Society Review 16:345-74.
Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1984. Deterrent effects of roadblocks on drinking and driving. Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review 3:7-18.
Zador, P.L.; Lund, A.K.; Fields, M. and Weinberg, K. 1989. Fatal crash involvement and laws against alcohol-impaired driving. Journal of Public Health Policy 10:467-85.
1970s
O'Neill, B. and Eiswirth, R.S. 1972. Screening drivers for alcohol — an application of Bayes' formula. American Journal of Public Health 62:1468-72.
Robertson, L.S.; Rich, R.F. and Ross, H.L. 1973. Jail sentences for driving while intoxicated in Chicago: a judicial policy that failed. Law and Society Review 8:55-67.
Ross, H.L. 1975. Blood alcohol concentrations among Scandinavian drivers: data from the northern countries in international perspective. Blutalkohol 12:372-81.
Ross, H.L. 1975. The effectiveness of drinking-and-driving laws in Sweden and Great Britain. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 663-78. Toronto, Ontario: Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario.
Ross, H.L. 1975. The Scandinavian myth: the effectiveness of drinking-and-driving legislation in Sweden and Norway. The Journal of Legal Studies 4:285-310.
Zador, P.L. 1976. Statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol safety action projects. Accident Analysis and Prevention 8:51-66.
Teenagers and alcohol
2000 & later
Ferguson, S.A.; Fields, M. and Voas, R.B. 2000. Enforcement of zero tolerance laws in the United States. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD ROM). Borlänge, Sweden: Swedish National Road Administration.
Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Awareness of zero tolerance laws in three states. Journal of Safety Research 33:293-99.
Hingson, R.W.; Assailly, J.P. and Williams, A.F. 2004. Underage drinking: frequency, consequences, and interventions. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:228-36.
McCartt, A.T.; Blackman, K. and Voas, R.B. 2007. Implementation of Washington state's zero tolerance law: patterns of arrests, dispositions, and recidivism. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:339-45.
McCartt, A.T. and Kirley, B.B. 2007. Minimum purchase age laws: How effective are they in reducing alcohol-impaired driving? Transportation Research Circular E-C123, 84-96. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
1990s
Preusser, D.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F. and Farmer, C.M. 1997. Underage access to alcohol: sources of alcohol and use of false identification. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. C. Mercier-Guyon), 3:1017-25. Annecy, France: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Médecine du Trafic.
Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. 1992. Sales of alcohol to underage purchasers in three New York counties and Washington, DC. Journal of Public Health Policy 13:306-17.
Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 1994. Policing underage alcohol sales. Journal of Safety Research 25:127-33.
1980s
DuMouchel, W.; Williams, A.F. and Zador, P.L. 1987. Raising the alcohol purchase age: its effects on fatal motor vehicle crashes in 26 states. Journal of Legal Studies 16:249-66.
Williams, A.F. 1987. Drinking-age laws: an evaluation synthesis of their impact on highway safety. Contemporary Drug Problems, 673-76. New York, NY: Federal Legal Publications.
Williams, A.F. 1986. Raising the legal purchase age in the United States: its effects on fatal motor vehicle crashes. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 2:1-12.
Williams, A.F.; Lund, A.K. and Preusser, D.F. 1986. Drinking and driving among high school students. International Journal of Addictions 21:643-55.
Williams, A.F.; Zador, P.L.; Harris, S.S. and Karpf, R.S. 1983. The effect of raising the legal minimum drinking age on involvement in fatal crashes. Journal of Legal Studies 12:169-79.
1970s
Williams, A.F.; Rich, R.F.; Zador, P.L. and Robertson, L.S. 1975. The legal minimum drinking age and fatal motor vehicle crashes. Journal of Legal Studies 4:219-39.
Children
General statistics
1990s
Baker, S.P.; Braver, E.R.; Chen, L-H.; Pantula, J.F. and Massie, D.L. 1998. Motor vehicle occupant deaths among Hispanic and black children and teenagers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 152:1209-12.
Baker, S.P.; Fingerhut, L.A.; Higgins, L.; Chen, L-H. and Braver, E.R. 1996. Injury to children and teenagers: state-by-state mortality facts. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy.
1980s
Baker, S.P. and Waller, A.E. 1989. Childhood Injury: State-by-State Mortality Facts. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Injury Prevention Center.
Kraus, J.F.; Fife, D.; Cox, P.; Ramstein, K. and Conroy, C. 1986. Incidence, severity, and external causes of pediatric brain injury. American Journal of Diseases of Children 140:687-93.
Waller, A.E.; Baker, S.P. and Szocka, A. 1989. Childhood injury deaths: national analysis and geographic variations. American Journal of Public Health 79:310-15.
Williams, A.F. 1981. Children killed in falls from motor vehicles. Pediatrics 68:576-78.
1970s
Baker, S.P. 1979. Motor vehicle occupant deaths in young children. Pediatrics 64:860-61.
Baker, S.P. and Karwacki, J.J., Jr. 1979. Children killed in crashes. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 335-47. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Child restraints/restraint laws
2000 & later
Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 2000. Child seating position and restraint use in three states. Injury Prevention 6:24-28.
Meyerson, S.L. and Lund, A.K. 2001. Child restraint durability in high-speed crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0123. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Sherwood, C.P.; Crandall, J.R.; Ferguson, S.A.; Dakin, G.J. and Nolan, J.M. 2003. Factors leading to crash fatalities to children placed in child restraints. Proceedings of 47th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, (CD-ROM). Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and De Leonardis, D.M. 2001. Physician counseling about safe vehicle travel for children. Journal of Safety Research 32:149-56.
1990s
Fields, M. and Weinberg, K. 1994. Coverage gaps in child restraint and seat-belt laws affecting children. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26:371-76.
Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Ferguson, S.A. 1997. Development and evaluation of programs to increase proper child restraint use. Journal of Safety Research 28:197-202.
1980s
Melvin, J.W.; Weber, K. and Lux, P. 1980. Performance of child restraints in serious crashes. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 117-31. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Reisinger, K.S.; Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K.; John, C.E.; Roberts, T.R. and Podgainy, H.J. 1981. Effect of pediatricians' counseling on infant restraint use. Pediatrics 67:201-06.
Weber, K. 1980. Survey of infant restraint usability. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 88-116. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1981. The Tennessee child restraint law in its third year. American Journal of Public Health 71:163-65.
1970s
Reisinger, K.S. and Williams, A.F. 1978. Evaluation of programs designed to increase the protection of infants in cars. Pediatrics 62:280-87.
Williams, A.F. 1979. Evaluation of the Tennessee child restraint law. American Journal of Public Health 69:455-58.
Williams, A.F. 1976. Observed child restraint use in automobiles. American Journal of Diseases of Children 130:1311-17.
Car design/seating positions
1990s
Braver, E.R.; Whitfield, R.A. and Ferguson, S.A. 1997. Risk of death among child passengers in front and rear seating positions (SAE 973298). Child Occupant Protection Second Symposium Proceedings (P-316), 25-34. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Braver, E.R.; Whitfield, R.A. and Ferguson, S.A. 1998. Seating positions and children's risk of dying in motor vehicle crashes. Injury Prevention 4:181-87.
Powell, M.R. and Zuby, D.S. 1999. Testing of passenger airbags with 6-year-old child Hybrid III dummy to assess injury risk to belted children. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Biomechanics
1970s
Mohan, D.; Bowman, B.M.; Snyder, R.G. and Foust, D.R. 1979. A biomechanical analysis of head impact injuries to children. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 101:250-60.
Mohan, D. and Schneider, L.W. 1979. An evaluation of adult clasping strength for restraining lap-held infants. Human Factors 21:635-45.
Crash avoidance
General
2000 & later
Farmer, C.M. 2008. Crash avoidance potential of five vehicle technologies. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Vehicle lighting
2000 & later
Farmer, C.M. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Effects of daytime running lights on multiple-vehicle daylight crashes in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:197-203.
1990s
Farmer, C.M. 1996. Effectiveness estimates for center high mounted stop lamps: a six-year study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:201-08.
Sparks, G.A.; Neudorf, R.D.; Smith, A.E.; Wapman, K.R. and Zador, P.L. 1993. The effect of daytime running lights on crashes between two vehicles in Saskatchewan: a study of a government fleet. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:619-25.
Williams, A.F. and Lancaster, K.A. 1995. The prospects of daytime running lights for reducing vehicle crashes in the United States. Public Health Reports 110:233-39.
1980s
Rausch, A.; Wong, J.C. and Kirkpatrick, M. 1982. A field test of two single center, high mounted brake light systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:287-91.
Stein, H.S. 1985. Fleet experience with daytime running lights in the United States. SAE Technical Paper Series 851239. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Electronic stability control
2000 & later
Farmer, C.M. 2004. Effect of electronic stability control on automobile crash risk. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:317-25.
Farmer, C.M. 2006. Effects of electronic stability control: an update. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:319-24.
Antilock brakes
2000 & later
Farmer, C.M. 2001. New evidence concerning fatal crashes of passenger vehicles before and after adding antilock braking systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33:361-69.
1990s
Farmer, C.M.; Lund, A.K.; Trempel, R.E. and Braver, E.R. 1997. Fatal crashes of passenger vehicles before and after adding antilock braking systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29:745-57.
Hazelbaker, K.L. 1996. Comment on 'Accident experience of passenger vehicles with four-wheel antilock brake systems' by Lau and Padmanaban. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1994. Driver experience with antilock brake systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26:807-11.
Rollover
2000 & later
Brumbelow, M.L.; Teoh, E.R.; Zuby, D.S. and McCartt, A.T. 2008. Roof strength and injury risk in rollover crashes. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Farmer, C.M. and Lund, A.K. 2002. Rollover risk of cars and light trucks after accounting for driver and environmental factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:163-73.
1990s
Zador, P.L.; Williams, A.F. and Ciccone, M.A. 1992. Fatal rollover rates of small SUVs and pickups. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
1980s
O'Neill, B. 1987. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 6, 1987). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Reinfurt, D.W.; Li, L.K.; Popkin, C.L.; O'Neill, B.; Burchman, P.F. and Wells, J.K. 1982. Rollover and serious driver injury differences among various SUVs, pickup trucks, and passenger car groups. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 297-311. Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Reinfurt, D.W.; Stutts, J.C. and Hamilton, E.G. 1984. A further look at SUV rollovers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center.
Snyder, R.G.; McDole, T.L.; Ladd, W.M. and Minahan, D.J. 1980. On-road crash experience of SUVs. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
Wolpert, J. and Belanger, R. 1980. Vehicle handling tests of the American Motors CJ-5 Jeep. Phoenix, AZ: Dynamic Science, Inc.
Drivers
General statistics
2000 & later
Ferguson, S.A. and Braitman, K.A. 2006. Women's issues in highway safety: a summary of the literature. Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation: Report of a Conference. Conference Proceedings 35; Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers, 39-50. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Mayhew, D.R.; Ferguson, S.A.; Desmond, K.J. and Simpson, H.M. 2003. Trends in fatal crashes involving female drivers, 1975-1998. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:407-15.
1990s
Farmer, C.M. 1996. Effectiveness estimates for center high mounted stop lamps: a six-year study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:201-08.
Sparks, G.A.; Neudorf, R.D.; Smith, A.E.; Wapman, K.R. and Zador, P.L. 1993. The effect of daytime running lights on crashes between two vehicles in Saskatchewan: a study of a government fleet. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:619-25.
Williams, A.F. and Lancaster, K.A. 1995. The prospects of daytime running lights for reducing vehicle crashes in the United States. Public Health Reports 110:233-39.
1980s
Rausch, A.; Wong, J.C. and Kirkpatrick, M. 1982. A field test of two single center, high mounted brake light systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:287-91.
Stein, H.S. 1985. Fleet experience with daytime running lights in the United States. SAE Technical Paper Series 851239. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Driver training and education
1990s
Lund, A.K. and Williams, A.F. 1985. A review of the literature evaluating the defensive driving course. Accident Analysis and Prevention 17:449-60.
Struckman-Johnson, D.L.; Lund, A.K.; Williams, A.F. and Osborne, D.W. 1989. Comparative effects of driver improvement programs on crashes and violations. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:203-15.
1970s
Williams, A.F. and O'Neill, B. 1974. On-the-road driving records of licensed race drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 6:263-70.
Driver risk taking
2000 & later
Foss, R.D.; Goodwin, A.H.; McCartt, A.T. and Hellinga, L.A. 2008. Short-term effects of a teenage driver cell phone restriction. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Hedlund, J.H. 2000. Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Injury Prevention 6:82-89.
Levy, D.T. and Miller, T. 2000. Review: Risk compensation literature — the theory and evidence. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2:75-86
McCartt, A.T.; Braver, E.R. and Geary, L.L. 2003. Drivers' use of handheld cell phones before and after New York State's cell phone law. Preventive Medicine 36:629-35.
McCartt, A.T. and Geary, L.L. 2004. Longer term effects of New York State's law on drivers' handheld cell phone use. Injury Prevention 10:11-15.
McCartt, A.T. and Hellinga, L.A. 2007. Longer term effects of Washington, DC, law on drivers’ hand-held cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:199-204.
McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Braitman, K.A. 2006. Cell phones and driving: review of research. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:89-106.
McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Geary, L.L. 2006. Effects of Washington, D.C., law on drivers' hand-held cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:1-15.
McEvoy, S.P.; Stevenson, M.R.; McCartt, A.T.; Woodward, M.; Haworth, C.; Palamara, P. and Cercarelli, R. 2005. Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: a case-crossover study. British Medical Journal, Online First doi:10.1136/bmj.38537.397512.55 (full text published online July 12, 2005).
Williams, A.F. 2003. Views of US drivers about driving safety. Journal of Safety Research 34:491-94.
1990s
O'Neill, B. and Williams, A.F. 1998. Risk homeostasis hypothesis: a rebuttal. Injury Prevention 4:92-93
1980s
Lund, A.K. and O'Neill, B. 1986. Perceived risks and driving behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18:367-70.
Lund, A.K. and Zador, P.L. 1984. Mandatory belt use and driver risk taking. Risk Analysis 4:41-53.
O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K.; Zador, P.L. and Ashton, S.J. 1985. Mandatory belt use and driver risk taking: an empirical evaluation of the risk-compensation hypothesis. Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (eds. L. Evans and R.C. Schwing), 93-118. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation.
1970s
Williams, A.F. and Robertson, L.S. 1975. The fatal crash reduction program: a reevaluation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 7:37-44.
Driver records
2000 & later
McCartt, A.T. and Solomon, M.G. 2004. Tracking traffic citations through court adjudications to posting to public driver records. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:93-100.
1970s
Robertson, L.S. and Baker, S.P. 1975. Prior violation records of 1,447 drivers involved in fatal crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 7:121-28.
Emergency medical care
General
1980s
Jones, I.S. and Champion, H.R. 1989. Trauma triage: vehicle damage as an estimate of injury severity. The Journal of Trauma 29:646-53.
Kane, G.; Engelhardt, R.; Celentano, J.; Koenig, W.; Yamanaka, J.; McKinney, P.; Brewer, M. and Fife, D. 1985. Empirical development and evaluation of prehospital trauma triage instruments. The Journal of Trauma 25:482-89.
Kraus, J.F.; Conroy, C.; Cox, P.; Ramstein, K. and Fife, D. 1985. Survival times and case fatality rates of brain-injured persons. Journal of Neurosurgery 63:537-43.
1970s
Baker, S.P. 1971. Evaluation of medical care of the injured (editorial). The Journal of Trauma 11:892-94.
Baker, S.P.; Gertner, H.R., Jr.; Rutherford, R.B. and Spitz, W.U. 1971. Traffic deaths due to blunt abdominal trauma. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 67-75. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.
Baker, S.P. and Schultz, R.C. 1975. Recurrent problems in emergency room management of maxillofacial injuries. Clinics in Plastic Surgery 2:65-71.
Gertner, H.R., Jr.; Baker, S.P.; Rutherford, R.B. and Spitz, W.U. 1972. Evaluation of the management of vehicular fatalities secondary to abdominal injury. The Journal of Trauma 12:425-31.
Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Borhani, N.O. and Riggins, R.S. 1979. Survival with an acute spinal-cord injury. Journal of Chronic Diseases 32:269-83.
Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Riggins, R.S.; Richards, D. and Borhani, N.O. 1975. Incidence of traumatic spinal cord lesions. Journal of Chronic Diseases 28:471-92.
Frontal airbags
Effectiveness
2000 & later
Arbelaez, R.A. and O'Neill, B. 2001. Difficulties in determining the cause of real-world crash injuries: a case study of a NASS investigation. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Braver, E.R.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and Ferguson, S.A. 2005. Driver mortality in frontal crashes: comparison of newer and older airbag designs. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:24-30.
Cammisa, M.X.; Reed, R.T.; Ferguson, S.A. and Lund, A.K. 2000. Driver fatalities in frontal crashes of airbag-equipped vehicles: a review of 1989-96 NASS cases. SAE Technical Paper Series 2000-01-1003. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Farmer, C.M. 2006. Another look at Meyer and Finney's "Who Wants Airbags?" Chance 19:14-21.
Ferguson, S.A. 2004. Real-world performance of newer restraint systems in frontal crashes in the United States. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium and Exhibition on Sophisticated Car Occupant Safety Systems (CD-ROM). Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany: Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT).
O’Neill, B. 2006. Airbags — yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Airbag 2006: Eighth International Symposium and Exhibition on Sophisticated Car Occupant Systems. Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany: Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT).
Zuby, D.S. and O'Neill, B. 2001. Steering column movement in severe frontal crashes and its potential effect on airbag performance. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
1990s
Braver, E.R.; Ferguson, S.A.; Greene, M.A. and Lund, A.K. 1997. Reductions in deaths in frontal crashes among right front passengers in vehicles equipped with passenger airbags. Journal of the American Medical Association 278:1437-39.
De Leonardis, D.M.; Ferguson, S.A. and Pantula, J.F. 1998. Survey of driver seating positions in relation to the steering wheel (SAE 980642). Airbag Technology (SP-1333), 29-36. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Ferguson, S.A. 1996. Airbag performance in crashes. Proceedings of the Highway Safety Forum on Technological Innovations in Vehicle and Highway Safety, 21-34. Albany, NY: Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research.
Lund, A.K. and Ferguson, S.A. 1995. Driver fatalities in 1985-93 cars with airbags. The Journal of Trauma 38:469-75.
Lund, A.K.; Ferguson, S.A. and Powell, M.R. 1996. Fatalities in air bag-equipped cars: a review of 1989-93 NASS cases. SAE Technical Paper Series 960661. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Werner, J.V.; Robertson, S.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Digges, K.H. 1996. Air bag deployment frequency and injury risks. SAE Technical Paper Series 960664. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Zador, P.L. and Ciccone, M.A. 1993. Automobile driver fatalities in frontal impacts: air bags compared with manual belts. American Journal of Public Health 83:661-66.
1980s
Kelley, A.B. 1983. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Surface Transportation (March 10, 1983). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
O'Neill, B. 1987. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 6, 1987). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
1970s
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1976. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee, on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (March 12, 1976). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Haddon, W.H., Jr.; Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1977. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (September 12, 1977). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Haddon, W.H., Jr.; Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1977. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (September 8, 1977). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Mohan, D.; Zador, P.L.; O'Neill, B. and Ginsburg, M.J. 1976. Airbags and lap/shoulder belts — a comparison of effectiveness in real world frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine (ed. D.F. Huelke), 315-35. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Airbags and children
1990s
Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1996. Survey of parents of infants about rear facing child restraints. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Morris, C.R.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 1998. Measuring airbag injury risk to out-of-position occupants. Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2:1036-43. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Werner, J.V.; Robertson, S.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Digges, K.H. 1997. Injury risks in cars with different air bag deployment rates. SAE Technical Paper Series 970491. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Zuby, D.S. and Powell, M.R. 1999. Testing of passenger airbags with 12-month-old infant CRABI dummy to assess injury risk to restrained infants. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
1970s
Williams, A.F. 1976. Air bags and out-of-position children — a survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention 8:143-44.
Frontal crashes
General statistics
2000 & later
Arbelaez, R.A.; Aylor, D.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Braitman, K.A. and Baker, B.C. 2006. Crash modes and injury patterns in real-world narrow object frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (CD-ROM). Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.
Brumbelow, M.L.; Baker, B.C. and Nolan, J.M. 2007. Effects of seat belt load limiters on driver fatalities in frontal crashes of passenger cars. Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Farmer, C.M. 2005. Relationships of frontal offset crash test results to real-world driver fatality rates. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:31-37.
Newstead, S.V.; Farmer, C.M.; Narayan, S. and Cameron, M.H. 2003. US consumer crash test results and injury risk in police-reported crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:113-27.
1990s
Gloyns, P.F.; Rattenbury, S.J.; Weller, R.O. and Lestina, D.C. 1994. Mechanisms and patterns of head injuries in fatal frontal and side impact crashes. Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, 139-50. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.
Lestina, D.C.; Kuhlman, T.P.; Keats, T.E. and Alley, R.M. 1992. Mechanisms of fracture in ankle and foot injuries to drivers in motor vehicle crashes (SAE 922515). Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 59-68. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Sherwood, C.; O'Neill, B. and Hurwitz, S. 1999. Lower extremity injury causation in frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 513-524. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.
1980s
Jones, I.S. and Whitfield, R.A. 1988. Predicting injury risk with New Car Assessment Program crashworthiness ratings. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:411-19.
Jones, I.S.; Whitfield, R.A. and Carroll, D.M. 1985. New Car Assessment Program results and the risk of injury in actual accidents. Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, 371-80. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Zador, P.L.; Jones, I.S. and Ginsburg, M.J. 1984. Fatal front-to-front car collisions and the results of 35 mph frontal barrier impacts. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 1-18. Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Offset crash testing
2000 & later
Aylor, D.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Zuby, D.S. and Baker, B.C. 2006. How the 64.4 km/h (40 mi/h) frontal offset deformable crash test relates to real-world crash severity. Proceedings of the Second International Expert Symposium on Accident Research (CD-ROM). Hannover, Germany: Hannover Medical School.
Lund, A.K. and Nolan, J.M. 2003. Changes in vehicle designs from frontal offset and side impact crash testing. SAE Technical Paper Series 2003-01-0902. Warrendale, PA: Society of Auto-motive Engineers.
Nolan, J.M. and Lund, A.K. 2001. Frontal offset deformable barrier crash testing and its effect on vehicle stiffness. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
1990s
Estep, C.R. and Lund, A.K. 1996. Dummy kinematics in offset frontal crash tests. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 502-10. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Lund, A.K.; Zuby, D.S. and Nolan, J.M. 1995. Deformable barriers and occupant protection in offset frontal car-to-car crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 950496. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Meyerson, S.L.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 1998. Repeatability of frontal offset crash tests. Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 3:2400-11. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Nolan, J.M.; Preuss, C.A.; Jones, S.L. and O'Neill, B. 1998. An update on the relationships between computed delta Vs and impact speeds for offset crash tests. Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2:1234-41. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K.; Zuby, D.S. and Estep, C.R. 1996. New vehicle crashworthiness evaluations by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2030-39. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K.; Zuby, D.S. and Preuss, C.A. 1994. Offset frontal impacts — a comparison of real-world crashes with laboratory tests. Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 649-70. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
O'Neill, B.; Preuss, C.A. and Nolan, J.M. 1996. Relationships between computed delta V and impact speeds for offset crash tests. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 1433-40. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Zuby, D.S. and Farmer, C.M. 1996. Lower extremity loads in offset frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 414-21. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Zuby, D.S.; Farmer, C.M. and Lund, A.K. 1995. Intrusion and lower extremity injury risk in offset frontal test crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 950500. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Fuel systems
General
1970s
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1973. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance (May 29, 1973). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1974. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (March 28, 1974). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Trisko, E.M. and Shomo, E.W. 1974. A study in fire department cost allocation. Governmental Finance 3:24-36.
Trisko, E.M. 1975. Results of the 1973 national survey of motor vehicle fires. Fire Journal 69:19-27.
General/miscellaneous
General statistics
2000 & later
Braver, E.R. 2003. Race, Hispanic origin, and socioeconomic status in relation to motor vehicle occupant death rates and risk factors among adults. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:295-309.
Farmer, C.M. 2003. Reliability of police-reported information for determining crash and injury severity. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:38-44.
Farmer, C.M. and Williams, A.F. 2005. Temporal factors in motor vehicle crash deaths. Injury Prevention 11:18-23.
O'Neill, Brian. 2005. Improving U.S. highway safety: Have we taken the right road? TR News 239:24-27.
O'Neill, B. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2006. Use and misuse of motor vehicle crash death rates in assessing highway safety performance. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:307-18.
1990s
Farmer, C.M. 1997. Trends in motor vehicle fatalities. Journal of Safety Research 28:37-48.
Ferguson, S.A.; Preusser, D.F.; Lund, A.K.; Zador, P.L. and Ulmer, R.G. 1995. Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. American Journal of Public Health 85:92-95.
1980s
Baker, S.P.; Samkoff, J.S.; Fisher, R.S. and Van Buren, C.B. 1982. Fatal occupational injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association 248:692-97.
Baker, S.P.; Whitfield, R.A. and O'Neill, B. 1988. County mapping of injury mortality. The Journal of Trauma 28:741-75.
Baker, S.P.; Whitfield, R.A. and O'Neill, B. 1987. Geographic variations in mortality from motor vehicle crashes. New England Journal of Medicine 316:1384-87.
Barancik, J.I.; Chatterjee, B.F.; Greene, Y.C.; Michenzi, E.M. and Fife, D. 1983. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: I. magnitude of the problem. American Journal of Public Health 73:746-51.
Barancik, J.I.; Chatterjee, B.F.; Greene-Cradden, Y.C.; Michenzi, E.M.; Kramer, C.F.; Thode, H.C., Jr. and Fife, D. 1986. Motor vehicle trauma in northeastern Ohio: I. incidence and outcome by age, sex, and road use category. American Journal of Epidemiology 123:846-61.
Chatterjee, B.F.; Barancik, J.I.; Fratianne, R.B.; Waltz, R.C. and Fife, D. 1986. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: V. burn injury. The Journal of Trauma 26:844-47.
Fife, D. and Barancik, J.I. 1985. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: III. incidence of fractures. Annals of Emergency Medicine 14:244-48.
Fife, D.; Barancik, J.I. and Chatterjee, B.F. 1984. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: II. injury rates by age, sex, and cause. American Journal of Public Health 74:473-78.
Fife, D.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Boynton, W. 1984. The role of motor vehicle crashes in causing certain injuries. American Journal of Public Health 74:1263-64.
Fife, D. and Jagger, J. 1984. The contribution of brain injury to the overall injury severity of brain-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 60:697-99.
Fife, D. and Kraus, J.F. 1988. Infection as a contributory cause of death in patients hospitalized for motor vehicle trauma. American Journal of Surgery 155:278-83.
Kraus, J.F.; Black, M.A.; Hessol, N.; Ley, P.; Rokaw, W.; Sullivan, C.; Bowers, S.; Knowlton, S. and Marshall, L. 1984. The incidence of acute brain injury and serious impairment in a defined population. American Journal of Epidemiology 119:186-201.
Kraus, J.F.; Fife, D.; Ramstein, K.; Conroy, C. and Cox, P. 1986. The relationship of family income to the incidence, external causes, and outcomes of serious brain injury, San Diego County, California. American Journal of Public Health 76:1345-47.
Kraus, J.F. and Nourjah, P. 1988. The epidemiology of mild, uncomplicated brain injury. The Journal of Trauma 28:1637-43.
Whitfield, R.A. and Fife, D. 1987. Changing patterns in motor vehicle crash mortality: 1940-1980. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19:261-69.
Whitfield, R.A.; Zador, P.L. and Fife, D. 1985. Projected mortality from injuries. Accident Analysis and Prevention 17:367-71.
Williams, A.F. and Goins, S.E. 1981. Fatal falls and jumps from motor vehicles. American Journal of Public Health 71:275-79.
Bicycles
1980s
Fife, D.; Davis, J. and Tate, L. 1983. Two fatal bicyclist injuries from extended rear view mirrors. The Journal of Trauma 23:756-57.
Fife, D.; Davis, J.; Tate, L.; Wells, J.K.; Mohan, D. and Williams, A.F. 1983. Fatal injuries to bicyclists: the experience of Dade County, Florida. The Journal of Trauma 23:745-55.
Kraus, J.F.; Fife, D. and Conroy, C. 1987. Incidence, severity, and outcomes of brain injuries involving bicycles. American Journal of Public Health 77:76-78.
1970s
Williams, A.F. 1976. Factors in the initiation of bicycle-motor vehicle collisions. Archives of American Journal of Diseases of Children 130 :370-77.
Collisions with animals
2000 & later
Hedlund, J.H.; Curtis, P.D.; Curtis, G. and Williams, A.F. 2004. Methods to reduce traffic crashes involving deer: what works and what does not. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:122-31.
Sullivan, T.L.; Williams, A.F.; Messmer, T.A.; Hellinga, L.A.; and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2004. Effectiveness of temporary warning signs in reducing deer-vehicle collisions during mule deer migrations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:907-15.
Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 2005. Characteristics of vehicle-animal crashes in which vehicle occupants are killed. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:56-59.
1980s
Wood, P. and Wolfe, M.L. 1988. Intercept feeding as a means of reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:376-80.
Injury control
2000 & later
Lund, A.K. 2006. Smart vehicles, safety, and auto insurance. SAE Technical Paper Series 2006-21-0010. Proceedings of the Convergence 2006 Transportation Electronics Conference (CD-ROM). Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
O'Neill, B. 2005. Highway safety – a review of progress. RCAR Newsletter March:17-23. Wiltshire, United Kingdom: Research Council for Automobile Repairs.
Williams, A.F. 2001. Barriers and opportunities in reducing motor vehicle injuries. Injury Prevention 7:83-84.
Williams, A.F. 2000. The Haddon matrix: its contribution to injury prevention and control. Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Injury Prevention and Control, 15-16. Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland.
Williams, A.F. 2004. Reflections on the highway safety field. Injury Prevention 10:330-33.
1990s
Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1992. Injury control: what psychologists can contribute. American Psychologist 47:1036-39.
1980s
Haddon, W., Jr. and Baker, S.P. 1981. Injury control. Preventive and Community Medicine, 2nd ed. (eds. D.W. Clark and B. McMahon), 8:109-40. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.
Robertson, L.S. 1986. Injury. Handbook of Prevention (eds. B.A. Edelstein and L. Michelson). New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Williams, A.F. 1982. Passive and active measures for controlling disease and injury: the role of health psychologists. Health Psychology 1:399-409.
1970s
Baker, S.P. 1975. Determinants of injury and opportunities for intervention. American Journal of Epidemiology 101:98-102.
Baker, S.P. 1972. Injury control: accident prevention and other approaches to reduction of injury. Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 10th ed. (ed. P.E. Sartwell), 987-1005. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Baker, S.P. and Dietz, P.E. 1979. The epidemiology and prevention of injuries. Management of Trauma, 3rd ed. (eds. W.F. Ballinger, II; R.B. Rutherford and G.D. Zuidema), 28:794-821. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co.
Baker, S.P. and Dietz, P.E. 1979. Injury prevention. Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Background Papers, 53-80. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Baker, S.P. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Epidemiologia de los accidentes. Tribuna Medica — Revision 5:3-12.
Baker, S.P. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Reducing injuries and their results: the scientific approach. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society 52:377-89. Edited and reprinted in Preventive Medicine USA, 53-67. New York, NY: Prodist.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1978. Identifying strategies and tactics for injury control. Proceedings of the First Health and Safety Seminar, 33-40. Beckley, WV: National Mine Health and Safety Academy.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1975. Reducing the damage of motor vehicle use. Technology Review 77:2-9. Excerpted in Best's Review 76:14-15.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Strategy in preventive medicine: passive vs. active approaches to reducing human wastage (editorial). Newsletter of the American College of Preventive Medicine 15:3. Reprinted in The Journal of Trauma 14:353-54.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1973. Energy damage and the ten countermeasure strategies. The Journal of Trauma 13:321-31.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1972. A logical framework for categorizing highway safety phenomena and activity. The Journal of Trauma 12:193-207.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1971. Exploring the options. Research Directions Toward the Reduction of Injury in the Young and the Old, 38-59. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Haddon, W., Jr. 1970. On the escape of tigers: an ecologic note. Technology Review 72:44-53. Reprinted in American Journal of Public Health 60:2229-34.
O'Neill, B. and Kelley, A.B. 1974. Costs, benefits, effectiveness and safety: setting the record straight. SAE Technical Paper Series 740988. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. Reprinted in Professional Safety 20:28-34.
Robertson, L.S. 1977. Motor vehicle injuries: causes and amelioration. Public Health Review 6:25-35. Reprinted in ITE Journal 48:16-18.
Biomechanics
2000 & later
Arbelaez, R.A.; Brumbelow, M.; Wang, Z. and van Ratingen, M. 2006. A new calibration specification for linear displacement transducers. SAE Technical Paper Series 2006-01-0719. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Brumbelow, M.L. and Zuby, D.S. 2007. Measurement error in lateral thoracic deflection and deflection rate due to oblique loading. SAE Technical Paper Series 2007-01-0705. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Zuby, D.S.; Nolan, J.M. and Sherwood, C.P. 2001. Effect of Hybrid III leg geometry on upper tibia bending moments. SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0169. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
1990s
Parenteau, C.S.; Viano, D.C.; Lovsund, P. and Tingvall, C. 1996. Foot-ankle injuries: influence of crash location, seating position and age. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:607-17.
1980s
Jones, I.S. and Mohan, D. 1984. Head impact tolerance: correlation between dummy impacts and actual head injuries. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
1970s
Foust, D.R.; Bowman, B.M. and Snyder, R.G. 1977. Study of human impact tolerance using investigations and simulations of free-falls (SAE 770915). Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, 3-51. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Federal motor vehicle safety standards
1990s
Freedman, M.; Zador, P.L. and Staplin, L.K. 1993. Effects of reduced transmittance film on automobile rear window visibility. Human Factors 35:535-50.
1980s
Jones, I.S.; Stein, H.S. and O'Neill, J.J. 1984. Maryland state police in-use experience with the securiflex windshield — October 1981 to present. SAE Technical Paper Series 840389. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Robertson, L.S. 1981. Automobile safety regulations and death reductions in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 71:818-22.
Robertson, L.S. 1984. Automobile safety regulation: rebuttal and new data. American Journal of Public Health 74:1390-94.
1970s
O'Neill, B.; Kelley, A.B. and Wong, J.C. 1975. Evaluating motor vehicle safety performance standards. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Automotive Safety, 551-60. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Robertson, L.S. 1976. The effects of new-car safety regulation on fatality rates. Best's Review 77:22-24, 79.
Robertson, L.S. 1977. State and federal new-car safety regulation: effects on fatality rates. Accident Analysis and Prevention 9:151-56.
Injury severity score
General
1980s
Baker, S.P. 1982. Injury classification and the international classification of diseases codes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:199-201.
1970s
Baker, S.P. and O'Neill, B. 1976. The injury severity score: an update. The Journal of Trauma 16:882-85.
Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B.; Haddon, W., Jr. and Long, W.B. 1974. The injury severity score: development and potential usefulness. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 58-74. Lake Bluff, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B.; Haddon, W., Jr. and Long, W.B. 1974. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. The Journal of Trauma 14:187-96.
O'Neill, B.; Zador, P.L. and Baker, S.P. 1979. Indexes of severity: underlying concepts — a reply. Health Services Research 14:68-76.
Large trucks
General statistics
2000 & later
Braver, E.R.; Solomon, M.G. and Preusser, D.F. 2002. Toll road crashes of commercial and passenger motor vehicles. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:293-303.
Lyman, S. and Braver, E.R. 2003. Occupant deaths in large truck crashes in the United States: 25 years of experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:731-39.
1990s
Braver, E.R.; Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 1996. Major types of fatal crashes between large trucks and cars. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 153-69. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
Braver, E.R.; Zador, P.L.; Thum, D.; Mitter, E.L.; Baum, H.M. and Vilardo, F.J. 1997. Tractor-trailer crashes in Indiana: a case study of the role of truck configuration. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29:79-96.
1980s
Lund, A.K.; Preusser, D.F.; Blomberg, R.D. and Williams, A.F. 1988. Drug use by tractor-trailer drivers. Journal of Forensic Sciences 33:648-61.
Preusser, D.F. and Stein, H.S. 1987. Comparison of passenger vehicle and truck crash rates on toll roads. ITE Journal 57:39-44.
1970s
Baker, S.P. 1976. Reducing deaths and injuries in crashes involving heavy trucks: 10 strategies. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Baker, S.P.; Wong, J.C. and Masemore, W.C. 1975. Fatal tractor trailer crashes: considerations in setting relevant standards. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Automotive Safety, 25-36. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
Karlson, T.A.; Baker, S.P. and Morton, B.F. 1977. Fatally injured truck drivers. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 367-78. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Truck speed
1990s
Baum, H.M.; Esterlitz, J.R.; Zador, P.L. and Penny, M. 1991. Different speed limits for cars and trucks: do they affect vehicle speeds? Transportation Research Record 1318:3-7. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Freedman, M.; Olson, P.L. and Zador, P.L. 1992. Speed actuated rollover advisory signs for trucks on highway exit ramps. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
1980s
Esterlitz, J.R. 1989. Relative risk of death from ejection by crash type and crash mode. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:459-68.
Underride
1990s
Braver, E.R.; Cammisa, M.X.; Lund, A.K.; Early, N.; Mitter, E.L. and Powell, M.R. 1997. Incidence of large truck-passenger vehicle underride crashes in the Fatal Accident Reporting System and the National Accident Sampling System. Transportation Research Record 1595:27-33. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Braver, E.R.; Mitter, E.L.; Lund, A.K.; Cammisa, M.X.; Powell, M.R. and Early, N. 1998. A photograph-based study of the incidence of fatal truck underride crashes in Indiana. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:235-43.
1980s
Gloyns, P.F. and Rattenbury, S.J. 1989. Cars in conflict with larger vehicles — the problem of under-run. SAE Technical Paper Series 890746. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Moffatt, C.A.; Wong, J.C. and Zaremba, L.A. 1980. Improved underride protection in moderate speed crashes. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 257-72. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
1970s
Zaremba, L.A.; Wong, J.C. and Moffatt, C. 1977. Eliminating automobile occupant compartment penetration in moderate speed truck rear underride crashes: a crash test program. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Truck driver fatigue
2000 & later
McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Solomon, M.G. 2008. Work schedules of long-distance truck drivers before and after 2004 hours-of-service rule change. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:201-10.
McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Solomon, M.G. 2005. Work schedules before and after 2004 hours-of-service rule change and predictors of reported rule violations in 2004: survey of long-distance truck drivers. Proceedings of the 2005 International Truck and Bus Safety and Security Symposium (CD-ROM), 33-45. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
1990s
Braver, E.R. and Pantula, J.F. 1998. The sleep of long-haul truck drivers (letter to the editor). New England Journal of Medicine 338:389.
Braver, E.R.; Preusser, C.W.; Preusser, D.F.; Baum, H.M.; Beilock, R. and Ulmer, R.G. 1992. Long hours and fatigue: a survey of tractor-trailer drivers. Journal of Public Health Policy 13:341-66.
Braver, E.R.; Preusser, C.W. and Ulmer, R.G. 1999. How long-haul motor carriers determine truck driver work schedules: the role of shipper demands. Journal of Safety Research 30:193-204.
Hertz, R.P. 1991. Hours of service violations among tractor-trailer drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23:29-36.
1980s
Hertz, R.P. 1988. Tractor-trailer driver fatality: the role of nonconsecutive rest in a sleeper berth. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:431-39.
Jones, I.S. and Stein, H.S. 1987. Effect of driver hours of service on tractor-trailer crash involvement. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Truck equipment
1980s
Jones, I.S. 1987. The benefits of energy absorbing structures to reduce the aggressivity of heavy trucks in collisions. Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, 716-22. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Jones, I.S. 1986. Energy absorbing structures for the fronts of heavy trucks — a theoretical analysis of the benefits. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Jones, I.S. 1984. Truck air brakes — current standards and performance. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 39-61. Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Jones, I.S. and Stein, H.S. 1989. Defective equipment and tractor-trailer crash involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:469-81.
Stein, H.S. and Jones, I.S. 1988. Crash involvement of large trucks by configuration: a case-control study. American Journal of Public Health 78:491-98.
Low-speed crashes/damageability
General
2000 & later
Aylor, D.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Avery, M. and Weeks, A.M. 2007. Corner protection in low-speed crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 2007-01-1760. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Aylor, D.A.; Ramirez, D.L.; Brumbelow, M. and Nolan, J.M. 2005. Limitations of current bumper designs and potential improvements. SAE Technical Paper Series 2005-01-1337. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
McCartt, A.T. and Hellinga, L.A. 2003. Types and extent of damage to passenger vehicles in low-speed front and rear crashes. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Nolan, J.M.; Brumbelow, M.; Zuby, D.S. and Avery, M. 2004. Important considerations in the development of a test to promote stable bumper engagement in low-speed crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 2004-01-1319. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
1980s
Kelley, A.B. 1983. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Surface Transportation (September 13, 1983). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
O'Neill, B. 1988. Statement before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection and Competitiveness (June 16, 1988). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
O'Neill, B. 1987. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 6, 1987). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
O'Neill, B. 1985. Statement before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance (April 30, 1985). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
1970s
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1976. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Consumer Subcommittee (March 8, 1976). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1974. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (March 28, 1974). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1973. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance (March 23, 1973). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1971. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (May 12, 1971). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Kelley, A.B. 1975. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (March 14, 1975). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1979. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (March 28, 1979). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1978. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 22, 1978). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1977. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (May 6, 1977). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.view/download
Motorcycles
General statistics
1990s
Kraus, J.F.; Anderson, C.L.; Hemyari, P.; Zador, P.L. and Sun, G. 1992. Features of fatal- and severe-injury motorcycle crashes according to vehicle design type, California 1985. Journal of Traffic Medicine 20:5-13.
Kraus, J.F.; Anderson, C.L.; Zador, P.L.; Williams, A.F.; Arzemanian, S.; Li, W. and Salatka, M. 1991. Motorcycle licensure, ownership, and injury crash involvement. American Journal of Public Health 81:172-76.
Peek, C.; Braver, E.R.; Shen, H. and Kraus, J.F. 1994. Lower extremity injuries from motorcycle crashes: a common cause of preventable injury. The Journal of Trauma 37:358-64.
Peek-Asa, C. and Kraus, J.F. 1996. Injuries sustained by motorcycle riders in the approaching turn crash configuration. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:561-69.
Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Ulmer, R.G. 1995. Analysis of fatal motorcycle crashes: crash typing. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27:845-51.
1980s
Hartunian, N.S.; Smart, C.N.; Willemain, T.R. and Zador, P.L. 1983. The economics of safety deregulation: lives and dollars lost due to repeal of motorcycle helmet laws. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 8:76-98.
Kraus, J.F.; Arzemanian, S.; Anderson, C.L.; Harrington, S. and Zador, P.L. 1988. Motorcycle design and crash injuries in California, 1985. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 64:788-803.
Mounce, N.H.; Pezoldt, V.J. and Brackett, R.Q. 1989. Motorcycle crashes and compliance with license regulations. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University. Texas Transportation Institute.
1970s
Drysdale, W.F.; Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E. and Riggins, R.S. 1975. Injury patterns in motorcycle collisions. The Journal of Trauma 15:99-115.
Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Johnson, S.L. and Riggins, R.S. 1975. Risk factors in motorcycle collision injuries. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 383-98. Lake Bluff, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Johnson, S.L. and Riggins, R.S. 1976. Trends in deaths due to motorcycle crashes and risk factors in injury collisions. Accident Analysis and Prevention 8:247-55.
Kraus, J.F.; Riggins, R.S. and Franti, C.E. 1975. Some epidemiologic features of motorcycle collision injuries. American Journal of Epidemiology 102:99-109.
Biomechanics
1980s
Bowman, B.M.; Schneider, L.W.; Rohr, P.R. and Mohan, D. 1981. Simulation of head/neck impact responses for helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclists. Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 13-68. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Kingsbury, H.B.; Moore, C.G. and Rohr, P.R. 1980. The relationships between motorcycle helmet structure and head injury criteria. Advances in Bioengineering (ed. V.C. Mow), 121-24. New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Kingsbury, H.B. and Rohr, P.R. 1981. Structural characteristics of motorcycle helmets. SAE Technical Paper Series 810372. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Helmet use
2000 & later
Kyrychenko, S.Y. and McCartt, A.T. 2006. Florida’s weakened motorcycle helmet law: effects on death rates in motorcycle crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:55-60.
1990s
Kraus, J.F.; Peek, C.; McArthur, D.L. and Williams, A.F. 1994. The effect of the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law on motorcycle crash fatalities and injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association 272:1506-11.
Kraus, J.F.; Peek, C.; Shen, H. and Williams, A.F. 1995. Motorcycle crashes: injuries, rider, crash, and vehicle characteristics associated with helmet use. Journal of Traffic Medicine 23:29-35.
Kraus, J.F.; Peek, C. and Williams, A.F. 1995. Compliance with the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law. American Journal of Public Health 85:96-99.
Lund, A.K.; Williams, A.F. and Womack, K.N. 1991. Motorcycle helmet use in Texas. Public Health Reports 106:576-78.
Muelleman, R.L.; Mlinek, E.J. and Collicott, P.E. 1992. Motorcycle crash injuries and costs: effect of a reenacted comprehensive helmet use law. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:266-72.
Sarkar, S.; Peek, C. and Kraus, J.F. 1995. Fatal injuries in motorcycle riders according to helmet use. The Journal of Trauma 38:242-45.
1980s
Watson, G.S.; Zador, P.L. and Wilks, A. 1981. Helmet use, helmet use laws, and motorcyclist fatalities. American Journal of Public Health 71:297-300.
Watson, G.S.; Zador, P.L. and Wilks, A. 1980. The repeal of helmet use laws and increased motorcyclist mortality in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 70:579-85.
1970s
Robertson, L.S. 1976. An instance of effective legal regulation: motorcyclist helmet and daytime headlamp laws. Law and Society Review 10:467-77.
Williams, A.F.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Burchman, P.F. 1979. Motorcycle helmet use in relation to legal requirements. Accident Analysis and Prevention 11:271-73.
Daytime headlight use
1980s
Zador, P.L. 1985. Motorcycle headlight-use laws and fatal motorcycle crashes in the US, 1975-83. American Journal of Public Health 75:543-46.
Zador, P.L. 1983. How effective are daytime motorcycle headlight use laws? American Journal of Public Health 73:808.
Older drivers
General
2000 & later
Braitman, K.A.; Kirley, B.B.; Chaudhary, N.K. and Ferguson, S.A. 2007. Factors leading to older drivers' intersection crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:267-74.
Braver, E.R. and Trempel, R.E. 2004. Are older drivers actually at higher risk of involvement in collisions resulting in deaths or nonfatal injuries among their passengers and other road users? Injury Prevention 10:27-32.
Li, G.; Braver, E.R. and Chen, L-H. 2003. Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:227-35.
Lyman, S.; Ferguson, S.A.; Braver, E.R. 2002 and Williams, A.F. Older driver involvements in police reported crashes and fatal crashes: trends and projections. Injury Prevention 8:116-20.
Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M. and Ferguson, S.A. 2006. Collisions involving senior drivers: high-risk conditions and locations. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:117-24.
McGwin, Jr., G.; McCartt, A.T.; Braitman, K.A. and Owsley, C. 2008. Survey of older drivers' experiences with Florida's mandatory vision re-screening law for licensure. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 15:121-27.
1990s
Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B. 1998. Fatal crash risk for older drivers at intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:151-59.
1980s
Fife, D. and Whitfield, R.A. 1988. Historical changes in motor vehicle death rates among the elderly. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:393-98.
Pedestrians
General statistics
2000 & later
Preusser, D.F.; Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 2002. Pedestrian crashes in Washington, DC and Baltimore. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:703-10.
1990s
Retting, R.A. 1993. A review of fatal injuries to pedestrians induced by urban truck crashes. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 117-28. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
Retting, R.A. 1993. A study of fatal crashes involving pedestrians and trucks in four cities. Journal of Safety Research 24:195-203.
1980s
Williams, A.F. 1981. When motor vehicles hit joggers: an analysis of 60 cases. Public Health Reports 96:448-51.
1970s
Ashton, S.J.; Bimson, S. and Driscoll, C. 1979. Patterns of injury in pedestrian accidents. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 185-202. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Baker, S.P.; Robertson, L.S. and O'Neill, B. 1974. Fatal pedestrian collisions: driver negligence. American Journal of Public Health 64:318-25.
Baker, S.P.; Robertson, L.S. and O'Neill, B. 1973. Drivers involved in fatal pedestrian collisions. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 115-23. New York, NY: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Car design
1970s
Ashton, S.J. 1979. Some factors influencing the injuries sustained by child pedestrians struck by the fronts of cars. Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, 351-80. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Ashton, S.J.; Pedder, J.B. and Mackay, G.M. 1978. Influence of vehicle design on pedestrian leg injuries. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine and the 7th Conference of the International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine, 2:216-36. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.
Traffic engineering
2000 & later
Retting, R.A. 2003. A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures to reduce pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health 93:1456-63.
Retting, R.A.; Nitzburg, M.S.; Farmer, C.M. and Knoblauch, R.L. 2002. Field evaluation of two methods for restricting right turn on red to promote pedestrian safety. ITE Journal 72:32-36.
Van Houten, R.; Retting, R.A.; Farmer, C.M. and Van Houten, J. 2000. Field evaluation of a leading pedestrian interval signal phase at three urban intersections. Transportation Research Record 1734:86-92. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
1990s
Retting, R.A. 1999. Traffic engineering approaches to improving pedestrian safety. Transportation Quarterly 53:87-99.
Retting, R.A. and Van Houten, R. 1997. Use of innovative traffic control devices to enhance pedestrian safety. The Pedestrian Resource Book — Campaign to Make America Walkable, 139-52. Washington, DC: Bicycle Federation of America.
Retting, R.A.; Van Houten, R.; Malenfant, J.E.L.; Van Houten, J. and Farmer, C.M. 1996. Special signs and pavement markings improve pedestrian safety. ITE Journal 66:28-35.
Van Houten, R.; Malenfant, J.E.L.; Van Houten, J. and Retting, R.A. 1997. Using auditory pedestrian signals to reduce pedestrian and vehicle conflicts. Transportation Research Record 1578:20-22. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Van Houten, R.; Retting, R.A.; Van Houten, J.; Farmer, C.M. and Malenfant, J.E.L. 1999. Use of animation in LED pedestrian signals to improve pedestrian safety. ITE Journal 69:30-38.
Education
1980s
Preusser, D.F. and Lund, A.K. 1988. And Keep on Looking: A film to reduce pedestrian crashes among 9 to 12 year olds. Journal of Safety Research 19:177-85.
Publications
Books
1990s
Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Li, G. 1992. The Injury Fact Book, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ross, H.L. 1992. Confronting Drunk Driving: Social Policy for Saving Lives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1980s
Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B. and Karpf, R.S 1984. The Injury Fact Book. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co.
Hartunian, N.S.; Smart, C.N. and Thompson, M.S. 1981. The Incidence and Economic Costs of Major Health Impairments: A Comparative Analysis of Cancer, Motor Vehicle Injuries, Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co. Excerpted as 'The incidence and economic costs of cancer, motor vehicle injuries, coronary heart disease and stroke: a comparative analysis' in American Journal of Public Health 70:1249-60.
Robertson, L.S. 1983. Injuries: Causes, Control Strategies, and Public Policy. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co.
Ross, H.L. 1982 (revised 1984). Deterring the Drinking Driver: Legal Policy and Social Control. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co.
1970s
Fitzpatrick, J.F.; Sohn, M.N.; Stilfen, T.E. and Wood, R.H. 1974. The Law and Roadside Hazards. Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Co.
Films and videotapes
2000 & later
Young drivers: the high-risk years (2002, 16 minutes)
Understanding car crashes: it's basic physics (2000, 22 minutes)
1990s
Advancing vehicle safety: the auto insurers' commitment (revised 1999, 10 minutes)
Kids & airbags (1997, 4-1/2 minutes, in English and Spanish)
Reducing your risks in the crash (1996, 9 minutes, in English and Spanish)
Making safer roads (1995, 12 minutes)
Auto insurers unite to save lives (1994, 11 minutes)
Making the belt law work: a model for the nation (1993, 11 minutes)
Sober thoughts on drinking and driving (1992, 14 minutes)
Helmet laws: whose freedom (1991, 8 minutes)
1980s
Antilock brakes make sense (1987, 11 minutes)
Children in crashes (1986, 8 minutes)
1970s
Children and infants in car crashes (1979, film footage of crash tests without narration)
Underride (1978, 15 minutes)
Cars that crash and burn (1973, 28 minutes)
Boobytrap (1972, 25 minutes)
Small cars and crashes (1972, 22 minutes)
In the crash (1971, 25 minutes)
Rear-end crashes
Head restraints
2000 & later
Chapline, J.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Lillis, R.P.; Lund, A.K. and Williams, A.F. 2000. Neck pain and head restraint position relative to the driver's head in rear-end collisions. Accident Analysis and Prevention Special Issue: Whiplash 32:287-97.
Edwards, M.; Smith, S.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 2005. Improved seat and head restraint evaluations. Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Edwards, M.A.; Zuby, D.S. and Nelson, L.A. 2002. Comparison of driver head positions — volunteers versus dummies. Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 359-60. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.
Farmer, C.M.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 2003. Effects of head restraint and seat redesign on neck injury risk in rear-end crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:83-90.
Farmer, C.M.; Zuby, D.S.; Wells, J.K. and Hellinga, L.A. Relationship of dynamic seat ratings to real-world neck injury rates. Traffic Injury Prevention, in press. view/download
O'Neill, B. 2000. Head restraints — the neglected countermeasure. Accident Analysis and Prevention Special Issue: Whiplash 32:143-50.
1990s
Estep, C.R.; Lund, A.K. and Vann, D.T. 1995. Measurement and evaluation of head restraints in 1995 vehicles. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Farmer, C.M.; Wells, J.K. and Werner, J.V. 1999. Relationship of head restraint positioning to driver neck injury in rear-end crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:719-28
1970s
O'Neill, B.; Haddon, W., Jr.; Kelley, A.B. and Sorenson, W.W. 1972. Automobile head restraints — frequency of neck injury claims in relation to the presence of head restraints. American Journal of Public Health 62:399-406.
Whiplash injury
2000 & later
Zuby, D.S. and Avery, M. 2002. BioRID responses and the effect of crash pulse characteristics. IMechE Conference Transactions: International Conference on Vehicle Safety 2002, 207-216. London, UK: Professional Engineering Publishing.
1990s
Zuby, D.S.; Vann, D.T.; Lund, A.K. and Morris, C.R. 1999. Crash test evaluation of whiplash injury risk (SAE 99SC17). Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference (P-350), 267-78. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
1970s
Foust, D.R.; Chaffin, D.B.; Snyder, R.G. and Baum, J.K. 1973. Cervical range of motion and dynamic response and strength of cervical muscles (SAE 730975). Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 285-308. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Robbins, D.H.; Snyder, R.G.; Chaffin, D.B. and Foust, D.R. 1974. A mathematical study of the effect of neck physical parameters on injury susceptibility. SAE Technical Paper Series 740274. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Schneider, L.W.; Foust, D.R.; Bowman, B.M.; Snyder, R.G.; Chaffin, D.B.; Abdelnour, T.A. and Baum, J.K. 1975. Biomechanical properties of the human neck in lateral flexion (SAE 751156). Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 455-85. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Snyder, R.G.; Chaffin, D.B.; Schneider, L.W.; Foust, D.R.; Bowman, B.M.; Abdelnour, T.A. and Baum, J.K. 1975. Basic biomechanical properties of the human neck related to lateral hyperflexion injury. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Center. Edited and reprinted as 'Biomechanical properties of the human neck in lateral flexion' in Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 455-85. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Safety belt use
Belt use rates
2000 & later
Cammisa, M.X.; Williams, A.F. and Ferguson, S.A. 2000. Self-reported seat belt use in four countries: a telephone survey. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2:103-10.
Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K. and Kirley, B.B. 2007. Effectiveness and driver acceptance of the Honda belt reminder system. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:123-29.
Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Farmer, C.M. 2002. Seat belt use among African Americans, Hispanics, and whites. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:523-29.
Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 2003. Drivers' assessment of Ford's belt reminder system. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:358-62.
Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Farmer, C.M. 2002. Effectiveness of Ford's belt reminder system in increasing seat belt use. Injury Prevention 8:293-96.
1990s
Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Feldman, A.F. 1999. Seat belt use rates among taxicab drivers in a jurisdiction with license points for nonuse. Journal of Safety Research 30:87-91.
Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1991. Characteristics of belted and unbelted drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23:475-82.
Reinfurt, D.W.; Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Rodgman, E. 1996. Characteristics of drivers not using seat belts in a high belt use state. Journal of Safety Research 27:209-15.
Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 1993. Seat belt use in air-bag-equipped cars: 1986-92 models. Journal of Safety Research 24:73-76.
Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Evaluation of a program to increase belt use on the New York Thruway. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download
Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Seat belt use in cars with air bags. American Journal of Public Health 80:1514-16.
1980s
Ciccone, M.A. and Wells, J.K. 1988. Improper shoulder belt use by Maryland drivers. Human Factors 30:359-66.
Lund, A.K. 1986. Voluntary seat belt use among US drivers: geographic, socioeconomic, and demographic variation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18:43-50.
O'Neill, B.; Williams, A.F. and Karpf, R.S. 1983. Passenger car size and driver seat belt use. American Journal of Public Health 73:588-90.
Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1986. Seat belt use among New York bar patrons. Journal of Public Health Policy 7:470-79.
1970s
Robertson, L.S. 1975. Safety belt use in automobiles with starter-interlock and buzzer-light reminder systems. American Journal of Public Health 65:1319-25.
Robertson, L.S. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. The buzzer-light reminder system and safety belt use. American Journal of Public Health 64:814-15.
Robertson, L.S.; O'Neill, B. and Wixom, C.W. 1972. Factors associated with observed safety belt use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 13:18-24.